The term basehead became synonymous with the crack epidemic that swept the United States at the time. Over time, calling someone based was a way of saying that they were a crack addict, or acting like one, especially in West Coast street slang. While both are smoked, crack cocaine and freebase cocaine are different. While crack cocaine contains baking soda, freebase cocaine is almost a completely pure form of cocaine. It’s important to note that a potential reason will notpseudo-overdetermine a belief simply because there is some possibleworld in which the actual reason does not cause the belief yet thepotential reason does.
Since the expectation is for the market to start trending again, profit targets that are many multiples of the stop amount can be set to capture the bulk of the move. When avatrade review you freebase meth or cocaine, you increase the potential for addiction and overdose. An overdose on either substance can be fatal and requires immediate medical attention.
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Crack cocaine is produced by using baking soda to remove the hydrochloride from cocaine, which leads to hard crystal-like rocks that can be put into a pipe and smoked. Removing the hydrochloride leads to a low melting point, which is what makes the cocaine smokable. In a similar fashion to coca leaves, betel nuts are chewed with added limestone, turning the active ingredient arecoline into the freebase form, allowing it to be absorbed sublingually. Common counterions include chloride, bromide, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, citrate, and tartrate. Ammonium salts formed from the acid-base reaction with hydrochloric acid are known as hydrochlorides. For example, compare the free base hydroxylamine (NH2OH) with the salt hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH3OH+ Cl−).
In this hip-hop subculture, it’s all about being a based God—someone with “maximum swagger, a mansion, sports cars, wonton soup, and the inherent ability to fuck your bitch,” as one user on Quora put it. Not sure if the wonton soup bit is universal, but we think the point is that you can have whatever you want. If you’re going to freebase or be around people who are, make sure you know how to recognize when things go wrong. Smoking crack that’s been tainted with fentanyl greatly increases your overdose risk.
Inother words, on McCain’s theory, the basing relation is nottransitive. This raises questions about whether McCain’s theoryadequately accounts for our pre-theoretical account of the basingrelation. In particular, does McCain’s theory correctly identifyone’s reasons for one’s beliefs? McCain replies that,given his theory, we can still claim that, e.g., Sally’s beliefthat t is dependent on her beliefs that p and thatp ⊃ q, even if not based on them.
Finally, novel arguments for various forms of skepticism aboutjustification can be developed that focus on improperly based beliefs,though such arguments remain largely unexplored. One exception is inJonathan Schaffer’s discussion of the debasing demon (Schaffer2010). Unlike the Cartesian Demon, the debasing demon may leaveone’s beliefs true and reasons adequate, yet “cross thewires” so that beliefs are only based on reasons that fail tojustify them.
Causal Theories of the Basing Relation
Join 40,000+ People Who Receive Our Newsletter Get valuable resources on addiction, recovery, wellness, and our treatments delivered directly to your inbox. This conversion process involves ammonia and usually a small glass pipe and a piece of clean, heavy copper. Department of Defense embarked on a global posture-realignment process that focused less on a large overseas concentration of U.S. troops and matériel and more on rapid deployment velocity trade into areas that may be distant from the basing location. These changes in forward-basing posture were intended to address the complex and asymmetric threats of the post-Cold War world more effectively and flexibly. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. One theory about basting is that it hails from an era when pork was customarily cooked to a point that we now consider to be overcooked.
One advantage of Swain’s theory (which could be easilyincorporated into many other theories of the basing relation) is thatreasons are not limited to beliefs. Unlike snorting, which mainly causes issues with the nose, smoking coke can seriously hurt your lung health. The term basing refers to the consolidation in the price of a security. This movement in price is commonly used by technical analysts and usually comes after a downtrend before it begins a bullish phase. As such, the price shows that supply and demand are relatively equal. There are two common basing patterns that technical analysts generally identify, which can be used to employ different basing strategies to find entry and exit points.
Such theories tend tobe vulnerable to the objections to causal theories of the basingrelation as well as the objections—to be discussedshortly—to doxastic theories of the basing relation. For example, young oruneducated persons may seem perfectly capable having reasons forbeliefs even if they lack the appropriate concepts of epistemicevidence required by condition (2) of Tolliver’s theory. Onepossible line of reply to this sort of objection would be to stipulatethat one may have either an appropriate meta-belief or someappropriate form of awareness that need not involve any particularfully developed epistemic concept.
- Nonetheless, it would seem highly counter-intuitive toaccept that, now, everything else Ezekiel believes is in fact based onhis belief in God.
- The end of the Cold War brought about more restructuring as Russia sought to preserve its regional influence by signing basing agreements with former Soviet republics.
- If a market consolidates for an extended time, a breakout in the opposite direction to the previous trend often triggers stop-loss orders and attracts traders leading to an environment that is conducive to a reversal.
- The debate also rests on the purpose of basting, which is to add color, flavor, and crispness to the exterior of the roast.
- Note that unlike doxastic theories of the basingrelation, discussed below, the belief that R supportsp, alone, is not sufficient to establish a basingrelation.
On Moser’s account, the belief must be causallysustained in a nondeviant manner by both the believing of or assentingto Q and by the association of P and Q. Analysis of the basing relation is relevant to a variety offundamental epistemological issues. It is relevant to the nature ofepistemic rationalization and to questions regarding theinternalism/externalism debate.
During the extraction process, cocaine is neutralized with acid, forming salt. The end product is known as cocaine hydrochloride, which is a powder that can be snorted, rubbed on the gums, or dissolved in water and injected. In general, why would a (potential) reason cause one belief ratherthan another or none at all? A natural answer is that the personbelieves something to the effect that the reason is a good reason tohold the belief. (CCB) One’s belief that p is based on a reason Rjust in case R causes the belief and the causation is causedby one’s believing that R supports p.
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A second, more fundamental motive begins with theobservation that a belief is based on a reason when one has, withregard to the belief, taken proper account of the evidential import ofthe reason. It would be odd if, e.g., the conscious evaluation andacceptance of the evidential import of a potential reason for a beliefwas, in principle, completely irrelevant to whether the belief wasbased on the reason. Intuitively, it seems that taking proper accountof a reason may merely involve thinking about the evidential import ofthe reason in the appropriate way, and whether, in addition, cmc markets canada review thereason non-deviantly causes (or, causally sustains) the belief ismerely a contingent, empirical matter. Another common line of objection to doxastic theories concerns thepossibility of meta-beliefs (to the effect that a reason is a goodreason to hold a belief) which do not establish basing relations. Forexample, suppose Ezekiel belongs to a religious cult and slavishlybelieves whatever the cult leader, Exidor, tells him. One day Exidortells Ezekiel that his belief in God is a good reason to believeeverything else Ezekiel believes, and Ezekiel slavishly comes tobelieve this.
Traders can see the emergence of a new base at a point that’s higher than the first one. You can see how the base-on-base phenomenon is mapped out on a chart because it looks like two steps on a staircase. Technical analysts are traders who use certain technical tools as part of their trading strategies. Some of these tools include charts and trading signals to map out and plot price changes that show the relative strength or weakness of an asset.
Based is a slang term that originally meant to be addicted to crack cocaine (or acting like you were), but was reclaimed by rapper Lil B for being yourself and not caring what others think of you—to carry yourself with swagger. Cocaine in any form, including crack, may be contaminated with fentanyl, a synthetic opioid that’s 50 times more potent than heroin. Cocaine in any form is a powerful stimulant that can have serious effects on your heart and the rest of your body.
In the Summary format, one can quickly sort and identify the most desirable records and then view them individually using the Detailed format. Each record or groups of records (500 or less) can then be downloaded for further analysis using spreadsheet programs. Using an Internet interface, ComBase the user identifies criteria that are relevant to a specific food microbiology scenario.